The allure of a shiny coin is undeniable. We’ve all encountered a tarnished penny, perhaps nestled at the bottom of a purse or tucked away in a forgotten jar, and wondered if restoring its original luster is a worthwhile endeavor. However, when that penny is a steel penny, a coin minted during a unique period in American history, the question of cleaning becomes far more nuanced. This article will explore the pros and cons of cleaning your steel penny, offering insights to help you make an informed decision that respects both its historical significance and potential numismatic value.
Understanding the Steel Penny
Before delving into the cleaning debate, it’s crucial to understand what a steel penny is and why it exists. The 1943 steel penny, officially known as the zinc-coated steel cent, was a wartime necessity. Copper, a vital material for ammunition and other military equipment during World War II, was in short supply. To conserve this precious resource, the United States Mint temporarily replaced the traditional copper cent with one made of steel coated in zinc.
These pennies are easily distinguishable from their copper counterparts by their color – a silvery-gray, steely appearance. They were only minted for a single year, making them a relatively common, yet historically significant, coin. While not inherently rare in circulated grades, uncirculated or pristine examples can command a premium among collectors. The rarity, and therefore the value, significantly changes based on its condition.
The Golden Rule: Avoid Cleaning Coins
In the vast majority of cases, the most sound advice for coin collectors is to avoid cleaning coins. Cleaning, particularly with abrasive methods, can irreversibly damage a coin’s surface. It can remove the natural patina, the thin layer of oxidation that forms over time, which many collectors find desirable. It is this natural patina that gives the coin character and proves it has never been altered.
More importantly, cleaning often leaves behind microscopic scratches that are readily visible under magnification. These scratches, known as “hairlines,” drastically reduce a coin’s grade and, consequently, its value. In the numismatic world, originality is paramount. A cleaned coin, even if seemingly brighter, is often considered less desirable than an uncleaned coin with an even, natural toning.
Why Cleaning is Generally Harmful
Cleaning removes a layer of the coin’s surface, and sometimes this layer contains important features. Even gentle cleaning can leave micro scratches that devalue the coin. There’s also the risk of using the wrong cleaning agent, which can react with the metal and cause discoloration or corrosion. Collectors are highly sensitive to any form of alteration.
Specific Considerations for Steel Pennies
While the general rule applies to almost all coins, there are specific nuances to consider when dealing with steel pennies. The zinc coating on these coins is particularly susceptible to damage from improper cleaning.
The Vulnerability of Zinc Coating
The thin layer of zinc that protects the steel core of the 1943 cent is delicate. It can easily be scratched or worn away, exposing the underlying steel to rust. Abrasive cleaning methods, such as using scouring pads or harsh chemicals, will almost certainly damage the zinc coating, leaving the coin vulnerable to corrosion and significantly reducing its value. This is a huge concern for any coin enthusiast or casual collector.
Potential for Rust
If the zinc coating is compromised, the exposed steel will rust. Rust can quickly spread and permanently damage the coin, rendering it unattractive and virtually worthless to collectors. This is a critical point to consider, as even minor surface rust can escalate over time.
When Cleaning Might Be Considered (With Extreme Caution)
Despite the strong warnings against cleaning, there are rare circumstances where a very gentle cleaning might be considered, but only if done with the utmost caution and understanding of the risks involved.
Removing Loose Dirt or Debris
If a steel penny is encrusted with loose dirt or debris that is actively causing further damage, a very gentle rinse with distilled water might be considered. This should be followed by careful air drying. Never rub the coin, as even a soft cloth can cause scratches.
Professional Conservation
In some extreme cases, where a coin is severely corroded or damaged, professional conservation might be the only option to stabilize it. However, this should only be entrusted to experienced numismatic conservators who have the knowledge and tools to properly treat the coin without causing further harm. This is an investment, and is usually only worthwhile for exceptionally rare or valuable pieces.
Safe Handling Practices
Regardless of whether you choose to clean your steel penny, proper handling is essential to preserving its condition.
Handling with Care
Always handle coins by the edges to avoid transferring oils and dirt from your fingers to the surface. These oils can accelerate the tarnishing process.
Proper Storage
Store your steel pennies in acid-free coin holders or albums designed specifically for coin collecting. Avoid storing them in PVC holders, as PVC can damage coins over time. Store in a cool, dry place to minimize the risk of corrosion.
Alternatives to Cleaning
Instead of attempting to clean your steel penny, consider these alternatives to improve its appearance and preserve its value:
Proper Lighting and Presentation
Often, simply displaying a coin under good lighting can enhance its appearance. Proper lighting can highlight the coin’s details and minimize the appearance of tarnish.
Accepting Natural Toning
Embrace the natural toning and patina that has developed on the coin over time. This natural toning is a testament to the coin’s age and history, and many collectors find it aesthetically pleasing.
Professional Grading
If you are unsure of the value or condition of your steel penny, consider having it professionally graded by a reputable grading service. These services will authenticate the coin, assess its condition, and assign it a grade based on established numismatic standards.
The Collector’s Perspective
Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to clean your steel penny rests with you. However, it’s essential to consider the potential impact on its value and historical significance from a collector’s viewpoint.
Value Considerations
As a general rule, uncleaned coins are more valuable than cleaned coins. Cleaning can significantly reduce a coin’s grade and, therefore, its value in the eyes of collectors.
Historical Significance
The steel penny is a tangible reminder of a pivotal moment in American history. Cleaning it can be seen as erasing a part of that history. The tarnish and wear on a coin can tell a story about its journey through time.
Making an Informed Decision
Before taking any action, carefully consider the condition of your steel penny, its potential value, and your own collecting goals. Weigh the risks and benefits of cleaning versus preserving its original state. If you are uncertain, err on the side of caution and leave it uncleaned.
Assess the Coin’s Condition
Carefully examine the coin under good lighting to assess its condition. Look for any signs of damage, such as scratches, corrosion, or wear.
Consider Professional Advice
If you are unsure of the best course of action, consult with a reputable coin dealer or numismatist. They can provide expert advice based on the specific condition of your coin.
Conclusion
The question of whether to clean a steel penny is a complex one with no easy answer. While the allure of a shiny coin is understandable, the potential risks of cleaning, particularly the damage to the zinc coating and the reduction in value, usually outweigh the benefits. Unless the coin is actively being damaged by loose dirt or debris, it is generally best to leave it uncleaned and preserve its original condition. Embracing the coin’s natural toning and handling it with care will help ensure that it remains a valuable piece of history for years to come. By understanding the specific vulnerabilities of the steel penny and following best practices for coin handling and storage, you can make an informed decision that respects both its historical significance and potential numismatic value.
What is a steel penny and why is it different from other pennies?
Steel pennies were minted in 1943 as a wartime measure during World War II. The United States needed copper for ammunition and other war-related materials, so the traditional bronze composition of pennies (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) was temporarily replaced with steel coated in zinc. This made them visually distinct, being silver-colored instead of the usual copper hue.
This change in composition makes steel pennies more susceptible to corrosion than their copper counterparts. Rust and oxidation can quickly degrade their appearance, and because they were only produced for a single year, 1943, their condition significantly impacts their value to collectors. This makes the decision of whether or not to clean them a crucial one.
Will cleaning a steel penny always decrease its value?
Generally, yes, cleaning a coin, especially a steel penny, will usually decrease its numismatic value. Collectors highly value original surfaces and natural toning that develop over time. Cleaning removes this natural patina and can leave behind microscopic scratches or alter the coin’s surface texture. This diminishes its aesthetic appeal and makes it less desirable to serious collectors.
However, if a steel penny is heavily corroded with significant rust or other contaminants obscuring its details, a very careful and conservative cleaning might be considered as a last resort. Even in such cases, the coin will likely never be worth as much as an uncleaned coin in similar condition, but it could potentially improve its appearance enough to make it more appealing as a general collectible, though the value would remain low.
What are the risks of cleaning a steel penny?
The risks of cleaning a steel penny are significant. Abrasive cleaning methods, such as using metal polishes or scouring pads, will undoubtedly scratch the surface and ruin the coin’s original luster. Chemical cleaning, while seemingly less abrasive, can react with the steel or zinc coating, causing discoloration or further corrosion. Even seemingly gentle methods like soaking in vinegar can be detrimental.
Furthermore, any cleaning process, regardless of how careful, will alter the coin’s surface. Collectors can often detect signs of cleaning, such as an unnatural shine or an uneven texture. Once a coin has been cleaned, it is virtually impossible to restore its original surface, making it permanently less valuable to serious numismatists.
Are there any situations where cleaning a steel penny might be acceptable?
There are very few situations where cleaning a steel penny might be considered acceptable. If the coin is heavily encrusted with corrosive substances that are actively destroying it, and the coin has virtually no numismatic value in its current state, very careful and conservative cleaning might be a last resort to prevent further deterioration. This should only be attempted if you have no intention of selling it and understand the risks involved.
Even in these limited circumstances, it’s crucial to proceed with extreme caution. Any cleaning should be done by a professional coin conservator if possible. They have the knowledge and experience to use the least invasive methods and minimize the risk of damage. If you’re not a professional, it’s generally best to leave the coin as is, even if it’s heavily corroded.
What are some safe ways to store a steel penny to prevent further damage?
Proper storage is crucial for preserving steel pennies. The best practice is to store them in inert, archival-quality holders specifically designed for coins. These holders are made of materials that won’t react with the coin’s surface and will protect it from environmental factors like moisture and air pollution. Avoid PVC-based holders, as they can damage the coin over time.
Store the protected steel pennies in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and temperature fluctuations. High humidity can accelerate corrosion, so consider using a desiccant in the storage area. Handling the coins as little as possible and wearing cotton gloves when you do handle them will prevent oils from your skin from damaging the surface.
How can I identify a steel penny in need of professional conservation?
Identifying a steel penny in need of professional conservation involves looking for signs of significant corrosion or environmental damage that go beyond simple surface dirt. This includes the presence of active rust, pitting, green verdigris (copper corrosion transferred from contact with other coins), or thick, obscuring encrustations. If the detail of the coin is significantly obscured by these factors, it may be a candidate for conservation.
However, just because a coin has these issues doesn’t automatically mean conservation is necessary or beneficial. The potential cost of professional conservation often exceeds the coin’s value. Before seeking professional help, research reputable coin conservators and obtain estimates. Discuss the specific issues and the potential outcomes of conservation to determine if it’s a worthwhile investment.
What should I do if I’m unsure whether to clean a steel penny?
If you’re unsure whether to clean a steel penny, the best course of action is to err on the side of caution and leave it uncleaned. The vast majority of the time, cleaning will diminish its value, and there’s no way to undo the process. Seek advice from a reputable coin dealer or numismatist who can assess the coin’s condition and provide an informed opinion.
Consider taking clear, well-lit photographs of the coin from different angles and sharing them with online numismatic communities or forums. Experienced collectors can offer valuable insights and help you evaluate the potential risks and benefits of cleaning versus leaving it untouched. Remember, preserving the coin’s originality is almost always the best approach for maintaining its value and historical significance.